Main README file for the organization of the data with the resources Manually observed snow profiles Stability tests Extracted data SNOWPACK simulations The resources contain the following *.zip-files manual_snow_profiles.zip stability_tests.zip extracted_data.zip snowpack.zip Each *.zip-file contains the following data ########################################################################## manual_snow_profiles.zip ########################################################################## For each day and each field site, manual snow profiles are provided in individual *.txt-files named after fieldsite_YYYYMMDD.txt where fieldsite is wan for WAN7, and wfj for WFJ field site according to Richter et al., 2019 YYYYMMDD is the date of observation (YYYY year, MM month, DD day) wan_20150106.txt wan_20150114.txt wan_20150121.txt wan_20150128.txt wan_20150203.txt wan_20150213.txt wan_20150219.txt wan_20150303.txt wan_20160106.txt wan_20160115.txt wan_20160122.txt wan_20160129.txt wan_20160204.txt wan_20160209.txt wan_20160218.txt wan_20160226.txt wan_20160310.txt wan_20170106.txt wan_20170111.txt wan_20170120.txt wan_20170127.txt wan_20170202.txt wan_20170213.txt wan_20170303.txt wan_20170310.txt wan_20170317.txt wan_20170327.txt wfj_20160113.txt wfj_20160119.txt wfj_20160127.txt wfj_20160202.txt wfj_20160210.txt wfj_20160224.txt wfj_20160308.txt wfj_20160404.txt wfj_20170110.txt wfj_20170117.txt wfj_20170124.txt wfj_20170201.txt wfj_20170207.txt wfj_20170215.txt wfj_20170222.txt wfj_20170228.txt wfj_20170308.txt wfj_20170314.txt wfj_20170321.txt wfj_20170328.txt wfj_20170404.txt wfj_20170410.txt ########################################################################## Each manual snow profile (*.txt-file) contains the following data (space-seperated) (Figures 3,4,9) First row denoted with # is the header where depth is the upper boundary of each layer in cm thickness is the thickness of each layer in cm density is the density of each layer in kg m-3 hand_hardness is the hand hardness of each layer (1: fist - very soft, 2: four fingers - soft, 3: one finger - medium, 4: pen - hard, 5: knife blade - very hard, 6: ice) grain_type1 is the first grain type of the layer (1: precipitation particles, 2: fragmented particles, 3: rounded grains, 4: faceted crystals, 5: depth hoar, 6: surface hoar, 7: melt forms, 8: ice layer, 9: rounding faceted crystal, 0: graupel) grain_type2 is the second grain type of the layer (1: precipitation particles, 2: fragmented particles, 3: rounded grains, 4: faceted crystals, 5: depth hoar, 6: surface hoar, 7: melt forms, 8: ice layer, 9: rounding faceted crystal, 0: graupel) grain_size1 is the mean size of all grains grain_size2 is the mean size of largest grains Second row denoted with # is the unit of each column Third and following rows are manually observed data of each layer ########################################################################## stability_tests.zip ########################################################################## For each stability test, each field site, and each year, stability test results are provided in individual *.txt-files named after test_stab_fieldsite_YYYY.txt where test is the stability test (ct for compression test, ect for extended column test, and pst for propagation saw test) fieldsite is wan for WAN7, and wfj for WFJ field site according to Richter et al., 2019 YYYY is the date of observation (YYYY year) ct_stab_wan_2015.txt ct_stab_wan_2016.txt ct_stab_wan_2017.txt ct_stab_wfj_2016.txt ct_stab_wfj_2017.txt ect_stab_wan_2015.txt ect_stab_wan_2016.txt ect_stab_wan_2017.txt ect_stab_wfj_2016.txt ect_stab_wfj_2017.txt pst_stab_wan_2015.txt pst_stab_wan_2016.txt pst_stab_wan_2017.txt pst_stab_wfj_2016.txt pst_stab_wfj_2017.txt ########################################################################## Each compression test (ct_test_*.txt-file) contains the following data (comma-seperated) First row is the header where date [YYYY-MM-DD] is the date of the stability test in (YYYY year, MM month, DD day) number_hits is the score at which failure occurs (1-10: tapping from wrist, 11-20: tapping from elbow, 21-30: tapping from shoulder) layer_id is the ID of the weak layer which failed denoted by GTYYMMDD with GT the grain type of the failure layer and YYMMDD the burial date of the failure layer (YY: year, MM: month, DD: day) according to Richter et al., 2019 fracture_type is the fracture type of the failure (SP: sudden planar, SC: sudden collapse, RP: resistant planar, PC: progressive compression, B nonplanar break) profile_id is the Profile ID of the manual profile which corresponds to the stability test (SLF intern, corresponding manual profile see above) dip [cm] is the depth in the manual profile which corresponds to the failure layer (top layer boundary) in cm Second and following rows are test results ########################################################################## Each extended column test (ect_test_*.txt-file) contains the following data (comma-seperated) First row is the header where date [YYYY-MM-DD] is the date of the stability test in (YYYY year, MM month, DD day) number_hits is the score at which failure occurs (1-10: tapping from wrist, 11-20: tapping from elbow, 21-30: tapping from shoulder) layer_id is the ID of the weak layer which failed denoted by GTYYMMDD with GT the grain type of the failure layer and YYMMDD the burial date of the failure layer (YY: year, MM: month, DD: day) according to Richter et al., 2019 propagation is whether the failure propagated across the column (True: full propagation, FALSE: no propagation, pp: partial propagation) profile_id is the Profile ID of the manual profile which corresponds to the stability test (SLF intern, corresponding manual profile see above) dip [cm] is the depth in the manual profile which corresponds to the failure layer (top layer boundary) in cm Second and following rows are test results ########################################################################## Each propagation saw test (pst_test_*.txt-file) contains the following data (comma-seperated) (Figures 5,6,10,11) First row is the header where date [YYYY-MM-DD] is the date of the stability test in (YYYY year, MM month, DD day) critical_crack_length [cm] is the critical crack length at with the artificial crack started propagating in cm layer_id is the ID of the weak layer which failed denoted by GTYYMMDD with GT the grain type of the failure layer and YYMMDD the burial date of the failure layer (YY: year, MM: month, DD: day) according to Richter et al., 2019 propagation is whether the crack propagated across the column (True: full propagation, FALSE: partial propagation) profile_id is the Profile ID of the manual profile which corresponds to the stability test (SLF intern, corresponding manual profile see above) dip [cm] is the depth in the manual profile which corresponds to the failure layer (top layer boundary) in cm Second and following rows are test results ########################################################################## extracted_data.zip ########################################################################## Contains extracted data from raw data, i.e. snow properties and critical crack length (modeled and observed) data_DH151201_wfj.txt snow properties and critical crack length (modeled and observed) for layer DH151201 at field site WFJ data_DH161224_wan.txt snow properties and critical crack length (modeled and observed) for layer DH161224 at field site WAN data_DH161224_wfj.txt snow properties and critical crack length (modeled and observed) for layer DH161224 at field site WFJ data_FC141216_wan.txt snow properties and critical crack length (modeled and observed) for layer FC141216 at field site WAN data_FC151231_wan.txt snow properties and critical crack length (modeled and observed) for layer FC151231 at field site WAN data_FC151231_wfj.txt snow properties and critical crack length (modeled and observed) for layer FC151231 at field site WFJ data_SH150124_wan.txt snow properties and critical crack length (modeled and observed) for layer SH150124 at field site WAN drmr.txt detection rate and misclassification rate nfoldcrossval.npz 10 fold cross validation for refined parameterization ########################################################################## Each file containing data on snow properties and critical crack length (i.e. data_DH151201_wfj.txt) contains the following data (comma-seperated) (Figures 4,5,6,7,10,11) First row is the header where date [YYYY-mm-dd] is the date of the stability test in (YYYY year, MM month, DD day) rc_pst [cm] is the mean critical crack length measured with the propagation saw test in cm rc_sp_gaume [cm] is the critical crack length modeled from SNOWPACK properties according to Gaume et al. (2017) in cm rc_sp_richter [cm] is the critical crack length modeled from SNOWPACK properties according to Richter et al. (2019) in cm rho_wl_sp [kg m-3] is the density of the weak layer modeled with SNOWPACK in kg m-3 rho_sl_sp [kg m-3] is the mean density of the slab modeled with SNOWPACK in kg m-3 d_wl_sp [cm] is the thickness of the weak layer modeled with SNOWPACK in cm d_sl_sp [cm] is the thickness of the slab modeled with SNOWPACK in cm gs_wl_sp [mm] is the grain size of the weak layer modeled with SNOWPACK in mm index_WL_sp is the index of the weak layer modeled with SNOWPACK (number of weak layer from the bottom of the snowpack) rc_man_gaume [cm] is the critical crack length modeled from manually observed snow properties according to Gaume et al. (2017) in cm rc_man_richter [cm] is the critical crack length modeled from manually observed snow properties according to Richter et al. (2019) in cm rho_wl_man [kg m-3] is the density of the weak layer manually observed in kg m-3 rho_sl_man [kg m-3] is the mean density of the slab manually observed in kg m-3 d_wl_man [cm] is the thickness of the weak layer manually observed in cm d_sl_man [cm] is the thickness of the slab manually observed in cm gs1_wl_man [mm] is the first grain size of the weak layer manually observed in mm gs2_wl_man [mm] is the second grain size of the weak layer manually observed in mm dip [cm] is the depth of the weak layer in the manually observed snow profile in cm (upper layer boundary) index_WL_man is the index of the weak layer in the manually observed snow profile (from the snow surface) tau_sp [kPa] is the shear strength of the weak layer modeled in SNOWPACK in kPa fac_wl_sp is the fit factor F_wl = rc(pst)^2 * sigma_n / (2 * tau_p * E' * D_sl) from SNOWPACK parameters and observed critical crack lengths according to Richter et al. (2019) Second and following rows are test results ########################################################################## File drmr.txt contains detection rate and misclassification rate for each fit F_wl = a * ( (rho_wl / rho_ice)^x * (gs_wl / gs_0)^y )^b (comma-seperated) (Figure 8) First row is the header where rcname is the name of the fit (rc_gaume: is Gaume et al. (2017), rc_rhoxgsy: x denotes the exponent in (rho_wl / rho_ice)^x for x in [0,3] and y denotes the exponent in (gs_wl / gs_0)^y for y in [-3,3] with x=1 and y=1 being the values chosen for the fit parameter F_wl in Richter et al., 2019) dr is the detection rate of the given fit (see section 3.5 in Richter et al., 2019) mr is the misclassification rate of the given fit (see section 3.5 in Richter et al., 2019) d is the number of detection weak layers (see section 3.5 in Richter et al., 2019) nd is the number of the not detected weak layers (see section 3.5 in Richter et al., 2019) fa is the number of the false detected weak layers (see section 3.5 in Richter et al., 2019) Second and following rows are test results ########################################################################## File nfoldcrossval.npz reproduces the 10-fold cross validation For information, read data with python numpy or ask richter@slf.ch ########################################################################## snowpack.zip ########################################################################## contains individual subdirectories related to SNOWPACK simulations ./input input data to run SNOWPACK simulations ./output output of SNOWPACK simulations ./output_review output for the review ./setup configuration files to run SNOWPACK simulations ########################################################################## ./input/ contains the following files WAN7_15.smet contains meteorological input for field site WAN7 and winter season 2014-2015 wan7_15.sno contains initial snow and ground profile (no snow) for field site WAN7 and winter season 2014-2015 wan7_16_2.sno contains initial snow and ground profile (no snow) for review run at field site WAN7 and winter season 2015-2016 WAN7_16.smet contains meteorological input for field site WAN7 and winter season 2015-2016 wan7_16.sno contains initial snow and ground profile (no snow) for field site WAN7 and winter season 2015-2016 WAN7_17.smet contains meteorological input for field site WAN7 and winter season 2016-2017 wan7_17.sno contains initial snow and ground profile (no snow) for field site WAN7 and winter season 2016-2017 wfj_15.sno contains initial snow and ground profile (no snow) for field site WAN7 and winter season 2014-2015 wfj_16.sno contains initial snow and ground profile (no snow) for field site WAN7 and winter season 2015-2016 wfj_17.sno contains initial snow and ground profile (no snow) for field site WAN7 and winter season 2016-2017 WFJ_optimaldataset_v7.smet contains meteorological input for field site WFJ and all winter seasons Please see https://models.slf.ch/docserver/snowpack/html/index.html and https://models.slf.ch/p/snowpack/ for details on how to run a simulation ########################################################################## ./output/ contains the following files WAN7_RUN2015.haz WAN7_RUN2015.ini WAN7_RUN2015.met WAN7_RUN2015.pro contains the output file including the detailed evolution of snow stratigraphy of the SNOWPACK simulation for field site WAN7 and winter season 2014-2015 WAN7_RUN2015.sno WAN7_RUN2016.haz WAN7_RUN2016.ini WAN7_RUN2016.met WAN7_RUN2016.pro contains the output file including the detailed evolution of snow stratigraphy of the SNOWPACK simulation for field site WAN7 and winter season 2015-2016 WAN7_RUN2016.sno WAN7_RUN2017.haz WAN7_RUN2017.ini WAN7_RUN2017.met WAN7_RUN2017.pro contains the output file including the detailed evolution of snow stratigraphy of the SNOWPACK simulation for field site WAN7 and winter season 2016-2017 WAN7_RUN2017.sno WFJ2_RUN2015.haz WFJ2_RUN2015.ini WFJ2_RUN2015.met WFJ2_RUN2015.pro contains the output file including the detailed evolution of snow stratigraphy of the SNOWPACK simulation for field site WFJ and winter season 2014-2015 WFJ2_RUN2015.sno WFJ2_RUN2016.haz WFJ2_RUN2016.ini WFJ2_RUN2016.met WFJ2_RUN2016_opt.haz WFJ2_RUN2016_opt.ini WFJ2_RUN2016_opt.met WFJ2_RUN2016_opt.pro contains the output file including the detailed evolution of snow stratigraphy including new rc (Figure 12) of the SNOWPACK simulation for field site WFJ and winter season 2015-2016 WFJ2_RUN2016_opt.sno WFJ2_RUN2016.pro contains the output file including the detailed evolution of snow stratigraphy of the SNOWPACK simulation for field site WFJ and winter season 2015-2016 WFJ2_RUN2016.sno WFJ2_RUN2017.haz WFJ2_RUN2017.ini WFJ2_RUN2017.met WFJ2_RUN2017.pro contains the output file including the detailed evolution of snow stratigraphy of the SNOWPACK simulation for field site WFJ and winter season 2016-2017 WFJ2_RUN2017.sno Please see https://models.slf.ch/docserver/snowpack/html/index.html for more details on how to run a simulation ########################################################################## ./output_review/ contains the following files WAN7_RUN2015_v1473.haz WAN7_RUN2015_v1473.ini WAN7_RUN2015_v1473.met WAN7_RUN2015_v1473.pro WAN7_RUN2015_v1473.sno WFJ2_RUN2016_dirichlet.haz WFJ2_RUN2016_dirichlet.ini WFJ2_RUN2016_dirichlet.met WFJ2_RUN2016_dirichlet.pro WFJ2_RUN2016_dirichlet.sno WFJ2_RUN2016_neumann1.haz WFJ2_RUN2016_neumann1.ini WFJ2_RUN2016_neumann1.met WFJ2_RUN2016_neumann1.pro WFJ2_RUN2016_neumann1.sno WFJ2_RUN2016_neumann2.haz WFJ2_RUN2016_neumann2.ini WFJ2_RUN2016_neumann2.met WFJ2_RUN2016_neumann2.pro WFJ2_RUN2016_neumann2.sno WFJ2_RUN2016_v1473.haz WFJ2_RUN2016_v1473.ini WFJ2_RUN2016_v1473.met WFJ2_RUN2016_v1473.pro WFJ2_RUN2016_v1473.sno Please see https://models.slf.ch/docserver/snowpack/html/index.html for details on how to run a simulation ########################################################################## ./setup/ contains the following files io_wan15.ini io_wan16.ini io_wan17.ini io_wfj15.ini io_wfj16.ini io_wfj16_opt.ini io_wfj16_review_tss.ini io_wfj16_stephie.ini io_wfj17.ini run_wan15.sh run_wan16.sh run_wan17.sh run_wfj15.sh run_wfj16_opt.sh run_wfj16_review_tss.sh run_wfj16.sh run_wfj16_stephie.sh run_wfj17.sh Please see https://models.slf.ch/docserver/snowpack/html/index.html and https://models.slf.ch/p/snowpack/ for details on how to run a simulation ########################################################################## References: Richter, B., Schweizer, J., Rotach, M. W., and van Herwijnen, A.: Validating modeled critical crack length for crack propagation in the snow cover model SNOWPACK, The Cryosphere, 13, 3353–3366, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3353-2019, 2019. Gaume, J., van Herwijnen, A., Chambon, G., Wever, N., and Schweizer, J.: Snow fracture in relation to slab avalanche release: critical state for the onset of crack propagation, The Cryosphere, 11, 217–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-217-2017, 2017.